computer science

                                           

                        PARTITION'S OF COMPUTER

Partition

When referring to a computer hard drive, a disk partition or partition is a segment of the hard drive that is separated from other portions of the hard drive. Partitions help enable users to divide a computer hard drive into different drives or into different portions for multiple operating systems to run on the same drive.

With older file allocation tables, such as FAT16, creating smaller partitions allows a computer hard drive to run more efficiently and save more disk space. However, with new file allocation tables, such as FAT32, this is no longer the case.
Partition FAQ:

1. Information about creating partitions and setting up a drive in Windows 2000, XP, and above.
2. Information about creating, deleting (unpartition), or otherwise using fdisk to manipulate partitions can be found on our fdisk page.
3. If you want to extend a partition, shrink a partition, combine partitions, or otherwise manipulate a partition that can be done through a standard partition program, we would recommend you look into Partition Magic.

In addition to the utilities to create hard drive partitions, there are hundreds of different partition types. Below is a listing of some of these partitions and a brief description about them. While all of these partitions are available, they will all not available in your partition utility.

When was the first computer invented?

There is no easy answer to this question because of all the different classifications of computers. The first mechanical computer created by Charles Babbage doesn't really resemble what most would consider a computer today. Therefore, this document has been created with a listing of each of the computer firsts starting with the Difference Engine and leading up to the types of computers we use today. Keep in mind that early inventions that helped lead up to the computer such as the abacus, calculator, and tablet machines are not accounted for in this document.

The word "computer" was first used

The word "computer" was first recorded as being used in 1613 and was originally was used to describe a human who performed calculations or computations. The definition of a computer remained the same until the end of the 19th century when people began to realize machines never get tired and can perform calculations much faster and more accurately than any team of human computers ever could.

First mechanical computer or automatic computing engine concept

In 1822, Charles Babbage purposed and began developing the Difference Engine, considered to be the first automatic computing engine that was capable of computing several sets of numbers and making hard copies of the results. Unfortunately, because of funding he was never able to complete a full-scale functional version of this machine. In June of 1991, the London Science Museum completed the Difference Engine No 2 for the bicentennial year of Babbage's birth and later completed the printing mechanism in 2000.

 

computer science

                                             different type's of computer                                                                     

A computer is one of the most brilliant inventions of mankind. Thanks to computer technology, we have been able to achieve storage and processing of huge amounts of data. We can rest our brains by employing computer memory capacities for information storage. Owing to computers, we have been able to achieve higher processing speeds, carry out critical transactions and that too with great precision and accuracy.

Computers of the earlier times were of the size of a large room and required to consume huge amounts of electric power. However, with the advancing technology, computers have shrunk to the size of a small watch.

Depending on their processing powers, size and area of use, they have been classified into various types. Based on the operational principle, computers can be classified as analog and digital. Based on their processing powers, they can be categorized as mainframe and microcomputers. Based on the usage, they can be grouped under desktop computers, laptops, tablets, netbooks, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and even tiny wearable ones. Here's more on the different types of computers.
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Operational Principle
1. ANALOG2. DIGITAL3. HYBRID✦ Analog Computers: These are almost extinct today. These are different from a digital computer because an analog computer can perform several mathematical operations simultaneously. It uses continuous variables for mathematical operations and utilizes mechanical or electrical energy.

✦ Digital Computers: They use digital circuits and are designed to operate on two states, namely bits 0 and 1. They are analogous to states ON and OFF. Data on these computers is represented as a series of 0s and 1s. Digital computers are suitable for complex computation and have higher processing speeds. They are programmable. Digital computers are either general purpose computers or special purpose ones. General purpose computers, as their name suggests, are designed for specific types of data processing while general purpose computers are meant for general use.

✦ Hybrid Computers: These computers are a combination of both digital and analog computers. In this type of computers, the digital segments perform process control by conversion of analog signals to digital ones.
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Size and Processing Power
1. MAINFRAME2. MICROCOMPUTERS
✦ Mainframe Computers: Large organizations use mainframes for highly critical applications such as bulk data processing and ERP. Most of the mainframe computers have capacities to host multiple operating systems and operate as a number of virtual machines. They can substitute for several small servers.

✦ Microcomputers: A computer with a microprocessor and its central processing unit is known as a microcomputer. They do not occupy space as much as mainframes do. When supplemented with a keyboard and a mouse, microcomputers can be called personal computers. A monitor, a keyboard and other similar input-output devices, computer memory in the form of RAM and a power supply unit come packaged in a microcomputer. These computers can fit on desks or tables and prove to be the best choice for single-user tasks.
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Use
1. DESKTOP COMPUTER2. LAPTOP3. NETBOOK4. PDA5. MINICOMPUTER6. SERVER7. SUPERCOMPUTER8. WEARABLE COMPUTER9. TABLET✦ Desktop Computers: A desktop computer is intended to be used on a single location. The spare parts of a desktop computer are readily available at relatively lower costs. Power consumption is not as critical as that in laptops. Desktop computers are widely popular for daily use in the workplace and households.

✦ Laptops: Similar in operation to desktop computers, laptop computers are miniaturized and optimized for mobile use. Laptops run on a single battery or an external adapter that charges the computer batteries. They are enabled with an inbuilt keyboard, touch pad acting as a mouse and a liquid crystal display. Their portability and capacity to operate on battery power have proven to be of great help to mobile users.

✦ Netbooks: They fall in the category of laptops, but are inexpensive and relatively smaller in size. They had a smaller feature set and lesser capacities in comparison to regular laptops, at the time they came into the market. But with passing time, netbooks too began featuring almost everything that notebooks had. By the end of 2008, netbooks had begun to overtake notebooks in terms of market share and sales.

✦ Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs): It is a handheld computer and popularly known as a palmtop. It has a touch screen and a memory card for storage of data. PDAs can also be used as portable audio players, web browsers and smartphones. Most of them can access the Internet by means of Bluetooth or Wi-Fi communication.

✦ Minicomputers: In terms of size and processing capacity, minicomputers lie in between mainframes and microcomputers. Minicomputers are also called mid-range systems or workstations. The term began to be popularly used in the 1960s to refer to relatively smaller third generation computers. They took up the space that would be needed for a refrigerator or two and used transistor and core memory technologies. The 12-bit PDP-8 minicomputer of the Digital Equipment Corporation was the first successful minicomputer.

✦ Servers: They are computers designed to provide services to client machines in a computer network. They have larger storage capacities and powerful processors. Running on them are programs that serve client requests and allocate resources like memory and time to client machines. Usually they are very large in size, as they have large processors and many hard drives. They are designed to be fail-safe and resistant to crash.

✦ Supercomputers: The highly calculation-intensive tasks can be effectively performed by means of supercomputers. Quantum physics, mechanics, weather forecasting, molecular theory are best studied by means of supercomputers. Their ability of parallel processing and their well-designed memory hierarchy give the supercomputers, large transaction processing powers.

✦ Wearable Computers: A record-setting step in the evolution of computers was the creation of wearable computers. These computers can be worn on the body and are often used in the study of behavior modeling and human health. Military and health professionals have incorporated wearable computers into their daily routine, as a part of such studies. When the users' hands and sensory organs are engaged in other activities, wearable computers are of great help in tracking human actions. Wearable computers do not have to be turned on and off and remain in operation without user intervention.

✦ Tablets: Tablets are mobile computers that are very handy to use. They use the touch screen technology. Tablets come with an onscreen keyboard or use a stylus or a digital pen. Apple's iPad redefined the class of tablets.
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PARTS OF COMPUTER

                                            PARTS OF COMPUTER                        

If you use a desktop computer, you might already know that there isn't any single part called the "computer." A computer is really a system of many parts working together. The physical parts, which you can see and touch, are collectively called hardware. (Software, on the other hand, refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do.)

The following illustration shows the most common hardware in a desktop computer system. Your system might look a little different, but it probably has most of these parts. A laptop computer has similar parts but combines them into a single, notebook-sized package.                                                                                      

System unit

The system unit is the core of a computer system. Usually it's a rectangular box placed on or underneath your desk. Inside this box are many electronic components that process information. The most important of these components is the central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor, which acts as the "brain" of your computer. Another component is random access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information that the CPU uses while the computer is on. The information stored in RAM is erased when the computer is turned off.

Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using cables. The cables plug into specific ports (openings), typically on the back of the system unit. Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral device or device.                                                                                                                                        

Storage

Your computer has one or more disk drives—devices that store information on a metal or plastic disk. The disk preserves the information even when your computer is turned off.

Hard disk drive

Your computer's hard disk drive stores information on a hard disk—a rigid platter or stack of platters with a magnetic surface. Because hard disks can hold massive amounts of information, they usually serve as your computer's primary means of storage, holding almost all of your programs and files. The hard disk drive is normally located inside the system unit.                                                                                                 

Floppy disk drive

Floppy disk drives store information on floppy disks, also called floppies or diskettes. Compared to CDs and DVDs, floppy disks can store only a small amount of data. They also retrieve information more slowly and are more prone to damage. For these reasons, floppy disk drives are less popular than they used to be, although some computers still include them

CD and DVD drives

Nearly all computers today come equipped with a CD or DVD drive, usually located on the front of the system unit. CD drives use lasers to read (retrieve) data from a CD; many CD drives can also write (record) data onto CDs. If you have a recordable disk drive, you can store copies of your files on blank CDs                                                                                                                                      

Mouse

A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen. Although mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an actual mouse. It's small, oblong, and connected to the system unit by a long wire that resembles a tail. Some newer mice are wireless.       

Keyboard

A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the keyboard on a typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys:

• The function keys, found on the top row, perform different functions depending on where they are used.
• The numeric keypad, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows you to enter numbers quickly.
• The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you to move your position within a document or webpage        

  Monitor

  A monitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the monitor that displays the information is called the screen. Like a television screen, a computer screen can show still or moving pictures.

  There are two basic types of monitors: CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors and the newer LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors. Both types produce sharp images, but LCD monitors have the advantage of being much thinner and lighter.      

  Printer

  A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. You don't need a printer to use your computer, but having one allows you to print e‑mail, cards, invitations, announcements, and other material. Many people also like being able to print their own photos at home.

  The two main types of printers are inkjet printers and laser printers. Inkjet printers are the most popular printers for the home. They can print in black and white or in full color and can produce high-quality photographs when used with special paper. Laser printers are faster and generally better able to handle heavy use.      

  Speakers

  Speakers are used to play sound. They can be built into the system unit or connected with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound effects from your computer.      

  Modem

  To connect your computer to the Internet, you need a modem. A modem is a device that sends and receives computer information over a telephone line or high-speed cable. Modems are sometimes built into the system unit, but higher-speed modems are usually separate components.

uses of computers.

                                        USES OF COMPUTERS.
Word Processing
A Word Processing software automatically corrects spelling and grammatical mistakes. If content needs to be replicated, there are options known as 'copy' and 'paste' that allow you to do this without re-typing the content. You can print documents and make several copies too. It is easier to read a word-processed document than a handwritten one, making it effectual for paperwork. You can add images to your document as well, provided by certain features on word processors.

Internet
It is a network that connects computers worldwide, to an information source that is free to all, at a minimal fee per month from one's service provider. You can browse through much more information than you could do in a library. That is because computers can store enormous amounts of information. You also have very fast and convenient access to information. Through 'email', you can communicate with a person sitting thousands of miles away, within a few seconds. Chat software applications enable one to speak to another person in real time. Video conferencing tools are becoming readily available to the common man, making it a convenient feature for one-on-one meetings.

Digital Video or Audio Composition
Audio or video composition and editing have been made much easier by computers. It no longer costs thousands of dollars in equipment, to compose music or make a film. Graphic engineers can use computers to generate short or full-length films or even create 3D models. Anybody owning a computer can now enter the field of media production. Special effects in science fiction and action movies are created using computers. Designers of all kinds from the media industry, are finding innovative ways of putting the internet to use.

Desktop Publishing
With desktop publishing, you can create page layouts for entire books on your personal computer. Aspiring writers and the like, can take advantage of this very resourceful feature.

Medicine
You can diagnose diseases. You can learn about studies related to them. Certain software can be used in 'magnetic resonance imaging', to examine the internal organs of the human body. Software is used for performing surgery too. Computers are used to store valuable patient data, and other information that doctors need private access to.

Mathematical Calculations
Thanks to computers, which have computing speeds of over a million calculations per second, we can perform the biggest of mathematical calculations, without having to worry if the result is incorrect, since computers are designed to produce accurate results.

Banks
All financial transactions are done by a computer software. It provides security, speed, and convenience. Valuable customer information is stored, and can be retrieved whenever an employee at the bank wishes to access or verify certain facts.

Travel
One can book air tickets or railway tickets using the internet, and make hotel reservations online. All sorts of travel packages are available to customers, including a variety of websites that offer innumerable options that one can choose from, while highlighting certain factors like budget, tour guide assistance, visa know-how, and the like.

Telecommunications
Software is widely used here to help keep lines of communication constantly buzzing. Also, all mobile phones have software embedded in them, making it easier to handle certain tasks, as well as multitask, when it comes to everyday chores and responsibilities. Even online games are accessible, where two players from different parts of the world, can compete and interact merely through the power of the internet.

Defense
There is software embedded in almost every weapon, that requires control by an authoritative entity. Software is also used in controlling flight and targeting, in ballistic missiles. Software is used to control access to atomic bombs, as well as track various activity that coincides with terrorist-based acts, including areas of civilian safety.

E-Learning
Instead of studying from textbooks, computers make it easier to learn from an E-learning software. These are available electronically online, and are accessible either freely or through a course that one pays for - much like what is taught in any college/university.

Gambling
You can gamble online instead of going to a casino. While this isn't advisable to partake in when it comes to money, there are ways to do this without betting on actual money.

Examinations
You can give online exams and get instant results. You can also check your examination results online, after professors or examiners update a university's network.

Business
Shops and supermarkets use computer software that calculates a customer's bills, as well as keeps track of how much is made monthly. Taxes can be calculated and paid online too. Accounting is done using computers, where large amounts of data are fed into a system. One can predict future trends of a business using artificial intelligence software. Software is used in major stock markets to keep track of the fall and rise of stock rises. One can even trade stocks online. There are fully automated factories running on software, to help keep track of the business without missing out on important updates..

II, Computer sizes and power

Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is considerable overlap:

Personal computer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor.


Workstation: A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and, in general, a higher-quality monitor.


Minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable of supporting up to hundreds of users simultaneously.


Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.


Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

Supercomputer and Mainframe

Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations (number crunching). For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers scientific simulations, (animated) graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting). Perhaps the best known supercomputer manufacturer is Cray Research.

Mainframe was a term originally referring to the cabinet containing the central processor unit or "main frame" of a room-filling Stone Age batch machine. After the emergence of smaller "minicomputer" designs in the early 1970s, the traditional big iron machines were described as "mainframe computers" and eventually just as mainframes. Nowadays a Mainframe is a very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently. In some ways, mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because they support more simultaneous programs. But supercomputers can execute a single program faster than a mainframe. The distinction between small mainframes and minicomputers is vague, depending really on how the manufacturer wants to market its machines.

compture science

Therefore computers can perform complex and repetitive procedures quickly, precisely and reliably. Modern computers are electronic and digital. The actual machinery (wires, transistors, and circuits) is called hardware; the instructions and data are called software. All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:

Central processing unit (CPU): The heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions organized in programs ("software") which tell the computer what to do.


Memory (fast, expensive, short-term memory): Enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data, programs, and intermediate results.


Mass storage device (slower, cheaper, long-term memory): Allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data and programs between jobs. Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape drives.


Input device: Usually a keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a computer.


Output device: A display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished.

In addition to these components, many others make it possible for the basic components to work together efficiently. For example, every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to another.

what is computre?

Computer is an electronic device that takes data instruction and information input and produce output information's. after processing it.
                                                another definition
                                                     

electronic data processor: an electronic device that accepts, processes, stores, and outputs data at high speeds according to programmed instructions

somebody who computes: somebody who calculates numbers or amounts using a machine